| A physical entity, construed as a point-Sound_source, emits a Sound. This includes animals and people making noise with their vocal tracts. Sometimes the sound itself is referred to with a nominal expression, in which case it is called the Sound. Manner expressions may also be relevant in this frame, if they describe properties of the sound as such. A path-schema can be overlaid on the simple noise-making scene, adding a Location_of_source and/or a Path. | |
| This frame does not cover scenarios where objects create sound by coming into forceful contact with one another or rubbing against each other. Such scenarios are covered by the Impact and Friction frames. The current frame also does not cover cases where an animate Agent or a natural Force or Cause causes a single Source or several Souces (moving or rubbing against each other) to make noise. Such scenarios are covered by the Cause_to_make_noise, Cause_impact and Cause_friction frames (the latter of which is not yet existent). Cases where the major emphasis of the portrayed scene is on the motion of a Theme, with sound emission only an accompaniment, are covered by the Motion_noise frame. Likewise, cases where the Sound itself is portrayed as moving through space are not covered in this frame but rather in Sound_movement. Finally, all nouns used to evoke Sounds have been placed in the Sounds frame. We have done this because these nouns do not denote sound emission/production events but only the Sound itself (*The siren's blare occurred right on time). | |
| Noisy_event [] | An event in which one or more Sound_sources participate and which is accompanied by Sound. | |
| The conversations DRONED on | ||
| Sound [Sound] | The frame element Sound is incorporated in the meaning of the verbs of this frame. Otherwise, this FE is assigned to NPs which actually refer to a sound in the presence of the target. This typically occurs when the target is a verb used as a modifier in its -ing form, e.g.: | |
| The branches made a RATTLING sound. | ||
| In this example, the frame element Sound is actually expressed by the word sound. Sometimes, Sound just occurs as an NP argument of a tensed verb form. | ||
| Heavy music THUNDERED from leather-curtained basements | ||
| Sound_source [Src-p] | The frame element Sound_source is assigned to a constituent referring to a physical entity which emits a sound. Such an entity must have an appropriately complex internal structure such that it can create a sound. For example, a machine or some other thing with moving parts can create sound by itself. | |
| The wind HOWLED. | ||
Non-Core: | ||
| Addressee [] Semantic Type Sentient | Addressee identifies the intended audience of an event of making a noise as a communicative signal. | |
| Our new puppy has taken to GROWLING at other dogs | ||
| Circumstances [cir] | A state or location of the Sound_source which contributes to the Sound_source's making noise. | |
| Leaves CRUNCHED underfoot | ||
| Degree [Degr] Semantic Type Degree | Degree to which event occurs | |
| Depictive [Dep] | State of the Sound_source during the action. | |
| Cicadas SCREECH unseen from within | ||
| Internal_cause [ICause] | The noise-making may be prompted by either some outside phenomenon or occurrence, or by an Internal_cause, the mental or emotional state of an animate Sound_source. Internal_cause is expressed in a PP Complement: | |
| Kim HMMMED AND HAAED in concentration. | ||
| Kim WAILED in despair. | ||
| Iterations [ite] | The number of times the noise-making event takes place. | |
| The raven CAWED twice and flew on a short distance, then sat down again in front of her and cawed again twice. | ||
| Location_of_source [Loc-Src] | The location of the Sound_source by which the Sound is emitted. | |
| A radio BLASTED music from the balcony. | ||
| Manner [Manr] Semantic Type Manner | Manner expressions may be of lexicographic interest if they describe properties of a sounds as such: loudly, shrilly, etc. | |
| Jocelyn SOBBED loudly. | ||
| Particular_iteration [par] | This FE indicates that the noise-making event is embedded within a series of similar events. | |
| Path [] | The Path along which the Sound travels away from the Sound_source. | |
| The radio BLARED across the room | ||
| Place [] Semantic Type Locative_relation | The location of the Sound_source. This FE differs from Location_of_source only in terms of point of view; the latter FE implies a point of view that is not on the Sound_source. | |
| A bat SQUEAKED over our heads. | ||
| Reason [Rsn] Semantic Type State_of_affairs | This FE identifies the Reason that the Sound_source produces the sound. Generally, this is some external stimulus that prompts the Sound_source to make noise. | |
| The planks above him CREAKED as Simon hoisted himself inside | ||
| Subregion [Sub] Semantic Type Locative_relation | The Subregion is the sulocation of the Sound_source from which the sound is emitting. | |
| Manville WHISTLED through his teeth | ||
| Time [] Semantic Type Time | The time when the Noisy_event occurs. | |
| It's going to BEEP again in two minutes. | ||
Inherits From:
Is Inherited By:
Subframe of:
Has Subframes:
Precedes:
Is Preceded by:
Uses: Perception
Is Used By:
Perspective on:
Is perspectivized in:
Is Causative of:
See Also:
Created by wooters on Wed Feb 07 16:12:22 CET 2001